TESTOSTERONE

1. Testosterone

Testosterone is an important sex hormone (androgen), which occurs in both sexes, while the difference in concentration and mode of action in men and women. As with all androgens is the backbone of testosterone from androstane (19 C atoms). The precursor of testosterone, the progestogens (21 carbon atoms), or DHEA.

Testosterone is a word that is derived from testis (testicle) and steroid. It was created by Ernst Laqueur, who first isolated from bull testes. In men, testosterone is produced for the most part under the influence of LH (luteinizing hormone) in the Leydigschen interstitial cells in the testes. Although the adrenal cortex forms small amounts of other androgens, but only very little testosterone. In women, the ovaries produce small amounts of the adrenal cortex and Testosterone. In the biosynthesis of the organism is the precursor of cholesterol (precursor), or progesterone as an intermediate for the synthesis of testosterone

2. Testosterone has a direct effect?

Testosterone has a direct effect on the testicles. It is transported bound to a protein on the blood of too many other target organs, which have receptors for this hormone. The transport protein called sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG). In the body, a portion of testosterone is metabolized by the enzyme 5a-reductase to the more biologically active dihydrotestosterone (DHT). Via a negative feedback Testosterone inhibits the pituitary secretion of luteinizing hormone (LH) and in the hypothalamus of GnRH, which is called gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH).

Testosterone is on the Androgenbindungsprotein (ABP of the Sertoli cells into the seminiferous tubules) transported. Here it causes the maturation of spermatids to sperm (see also testicular function). In addition, testosterone does in males during puberty, the development of the penis, scrotum, the accessory sex glands and secondary sex characteristics in adults and provides for the maintenance of these characteristics.

Outside of the sex organs of the hormone promotes the growth of body hair and beard (but not the Kopfhauptbehaarung, see also hair loss) and has an anabolic, which means muscle-building effect. A high testosterone levels promotes the emergence and the increase of sexual desire (libido) and generally drive, stamina and zest for life ", as well as dominant and aggressive behavior. As ethological effects in animals have been posturing, fighting behavior and Begattungsdrang researched and monitored. These are mostly good behavior under natural circumstances. This was (by castration and subsequent hormone injection in animals powerful, aggressive males are proved to be gentle, adapted geldings).

3. Testosterone and female hormones

Likewise, an overproduction of adrenal cortex in the female sex is a masculinization (posturing, fighting, mating effect). Artificial injection of testosterone in women can lead to masculinization (voice, musculature, facial features, hair) and enlargement of the clitoris, which is more or less depending upon discontinuation regress () on the duration, size of the dose and individual predisposition.

 Since Testosterone is transported in the blood, one might assume that it is distributed in all organs and tissues, depending on blood flow, more or less evenly. For testosterone, this is not true, because in its target cell specific receptors occur. Steroid hormones derived from a precursor molecule from which cholesterol. In male mammals, the concentration of testosterone in plasma during three stages of life is relatively high ..

4. Testosterone is a male sex hormones

Testosterone is off by enzymes and converted. This results, inter alia, androstenedione, androsterone, and dihydrotestosterone Androstandion, which is more effective than testosterone. Testosterone is the male body responsible for: development of sex organs, formation of the typical male sexual characteristics (hair growth, deep voice, specific fat distribution); male habit, seed formation

5. Testosterone production

One of the main causes for the andropause is the man the slow decline in testosterone production. Testosterone deficiency syndrome summarizes all complaints that may arise from a lack of testosterone. It is in the technical language often abbreviated PADAM. This is the English technical term: partial androgen deficiency in the aging male (partial androgen deficiency) in aging men. Testosterone is the most important androgen (male sex hormones) in men

The Testosteronec mirror in an adult male is between 12 and 40 nmol / l. The blood level is subject to daily fluctuations. Clock in the evening between 18 and 22 are the values being lowest in the early morning they are 35 percent above their average values. Signs of the morning "peak" is as frequent spontaneous erections in the morning. In aging men, the morning values are initially lower. Finally, the testosterone level drops slowly. A man reaches 70 years, only 2 / 3 of the testosterone levels of a young man.

Nandrolone Testosterone is an important addition to sex hormone (androgen), which is demonstrated in both sexes, and in so doing is different in concentration and mode of action in men and women. Like all androgens is the backbone of testosterone from 19 carbon atoms. The precursor of testosterone, the progestogens (21 C atoms).

Testosterone is a word derived from the testes (testicles) and steroid. In men, testosterone is produced for the most part under the influence of LH (luteinizing hormone) in the Leydigschen interstitial cells in the testes. Although the adrenal cortex forms small amounts of other androgens, but not testosterone. In women, the ovaries produce small amounts of the adrenal cortex, and testosterone. In the biosynthesis of the organism is the precursor of cholesterol (precursor), or progesterone as an intermediate for the synthesis of testosterone.

Testosterone is the most important male hormone. It is produced in the testes and is) responsible for the expression of male sexual characteristics (eg, hair growth on face and pubic hair, deepening of the voice, increased muscle mass and muscle size and growth. The hormone also keeps sexual desire, sperm production, muscle and bone mass in men erect. Women also form in the ovaries and adrenal glands low levels of testosterone.

6. Testosterone levels

Although many factors can cause low testosterone levels, it looks as if an inflated body could play a role. Scientists discovered, for example, in a study published in 2006, the frequency of low testosterone level in more than 2,100 men aged 45 and over analyzed that obese men 2.4 times more likely to lower testosterone levels than did those with healthy Körpergewicht.i also been shown in studies that occur with increasing body mass index (BMI) to a proportional decrease in testosterone levels kann.ii iii

Clinically low testosterone levels, which are also known as hypogonadism, have been associated with several health-related issues, such as erectile dysfunction, low sperm counts, fatigue, mood swings and bone weakening. There is also preliminary research, the low testosterone levels with an increase in body fat, particularly in abdominal Fettgewebeiv, as well as with chronic diseases such as type 2 diabetes mellitus and heart disease linked bringen.v however, further studies are needed these findings confirm